Overhead conductor rail systems Jun 30, 2008 · To reduce the amount of space required for power delivery structures and to improve the convenience of maintenance of overhead contact systems (OCSs), the conductor rail OCS has been used to replace the conventional catenary OCS in many railway tunnels around the world. com offers various overhead crane electrification solutions. As of October 2023, 6,065 kilometres (3,769 mi) (38%) of the British rail network was electrified. Oct 3, 2024 · The Shakurbasti depot is now equipped with a retractable rigid overhead conductor rail system above the longest maintenance track in India, which is 450 metres in length (as of June 2024) and was especially designed for the maintenance of Vande Bharat trains. . 78 million by 2031, exhibiting a CAGR of 5. Dec 15, 2020 · The Overhead Conductor Rail (OCR) system is commonly used as a power supply system for trains in railway infrastructures. Improvements compared with existing overhead conductor rail systems • Easy installation of the joints due to additional guiding edges along the conductor rail • Vibration-proof design of the joints due to the combination of guiding edges and bolt locking elements May 15, 2018 · Furrer+Frey has been creating iconic OCS solutions for almost 100 years. For travel speeds of up to 250 km/h, TracFeed® OSS is the space-saving alternative to overhead contact lines. Jul 10, 2023 · The third rail electrification system, also known as the contact rail system, provides power to trains through a conductor rail placed alongside, or between, running rails. It has mainly been used in tunnels, for urban and suburban facilities for more than 40 years. Some underground transportation networks do also use this approach, though there is a significant Tunnels on the Great Western main line are poised to take the concept of the Rigid Overhead Conductor-Rail System into uncharted waters, as part of the £2. Jul 11, 2016 · What emerged was the UK’s first high speed Rigid Overhead Conductor Rail System, designed and supplied by Furrer+Frey for line speeds up to 225km/h and which will be used, at Old Dalby, for testing the IEP trains for Great Western and East Coast main lines. Special features. It is formed by an aluminium alloy profile, which accommodates the copper contact wire, with a great cross section for the current that allows operative OCS Sep 17, 2021 · Alstom’s in-house designed Rigid Overhead Catenary System (ROCS) offers a competitive alternative to conventional flexible catenary systems. Current studies mainly focus on the interaction of the low-speed pantograph&#x2013;OCR system (POCRs), whereas the increase in speed poses new challenges in the power supply of the locomotives. It is currently used for a wide range of applications, including urban & main-line rail transport. Seamless conductor rails are a rail system used for power transmission typically applied in cranes, electric hoists, and other mobile equipment. Conductor rails are mostly steel (a specially conductive type). System provides nominal 650/750 V d. 2 Finite Element Model of Overhead Conductor Rail. One of the main advantages of using a conductor bar system is that they can be used on runways with more than one bridge operating on them. Enter the length or pattern for better results. Feb 17, 2007 · 1. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues. The OCR system can be complementary to OCS in instances where clearance is an issue or where tensioning the wires is impractical, as in the case of The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "ROCS a ___ overhead conductor rail system (5)", 5 letters crossword clue. We manufacture, a safe conductor rail system specifically designed and developed to supply electrical power to overhead travelling cranes, hoists, jibs and monorails, mobile material handling machines and other travelling equipment that require a mobile supply. This advantage makes overhead conductor rail systems so interesting for their application in tunnels, and these Ordering the Quick Bridge system is easy. The two most common systems are 25 kV AC using overhead lines, and the 750 V DC third rail system used in Southeast England and on Merseyrail. The third rail system uses an additional rail, called as conductor rail for supplyi Conductor rail system can be the single pole conductor bar system, seamless conductor rail system, and solid copper steel conductor rail system. Safe-Lec 2 provides these great benefits: Dec 4, 2018 · Sub-systems decomposition DESCRIPTION OF THE PRODUCT This environmental declaration covers a typical metro electrification system of 1,5kV with Overhead Rigid Catenary System (ORCS). For more information about the Safe-Lec 2 conductor bar, download our Safe-Lec 2 catalog or 0842 Series Conductor Rail catalogs. Additionally, the growing need for electrification of railway systems, particularly in emerging Through a partnership and manufacturing agreement with Railtech-KLK of Gijon, Spain; MAC offers the overhead conductor rail system (OCR) for light rail, streetcar, and commuter railway systems. Diagram conductor rail system. Since then, hundreds of miles of 8-Bar systems have been installed and are in use all over the world. Mar 18, 2024 · Conductor rail systems use a rail placed near the tracks to transmit power, while overhead systems transmit power via wires suspended above the tracks. Furrer+Frey AG. The conductor rail is supported on ceramic insulators (known as "pots"), at top contact or insulated brackets, at bottom contact, typically at intervals of around 10 feet (3. 1In 1972, the French firm Delachaux 1 registered the first patent for an overhead rail conductor system, comprising an aluminium profile which clamped a copper wire held in place by the elastic Dec 15, 2020 · The Overhead Conductor Rail (OCR) system is commonly used as a power supply system for trains in railway infrastructures. H. a. Pandrol offer a full range of solutions for track electrification, including aluminium conductor rail systems & rigid overhead catenary. Electrical continuity shall be provided in the OCS from substation to substation. If all goes well, this alternative system of delivering power supply to trains could appear in many more UK tunnels. ROCS is especially suitable for areas requiring a low encumbrance feeding system. Single Wire Systems. you can test it to prove It: After simulation techniques of multibody systems with calculation by finite element, to consider the flexibility of the overhead conductor rail. Nov 23, 2024 · Overhead catenary systems (OCS) are electromechanical structures designed to supply electric power to electric trains and trams through a suspended conductor rail. Our advanced Conductor Bar Systems reflect the basic Engineering concept of an integral insulated conductor that provides years of safe, trouble-free service. O. Rigid overhead conductor rail system in the new EOLE tunnel on the Paris RER E line After almost four years of intensive project work – from the initial development and design meetings through planning and installation to the final training and commissioning – the major EOLE (Est-Ouest Liaison Express) tunnel project in Paris is now complete. Available in configurations up to 6000 amps using a highly conductive and corrosion-resistant aluminum alloy, V-Bar systems require no field drilling or welding and can be assembled with The innovative rigid overhead conductor rail system for speeds of up to 250 km/h RIGID OVERHEAD CONDUCTOR RAIL CR4. Safe-Lec 2 provides these great benefits: Pandrol’s Rigid Catenary System is an overhead conductor rail that offers an alternative to . The conductor rail is supported on ceramic insulators or insulated brackets, typically at intervals of 10 feet (3 metres) or so. At A range of voltages has been used, employing both overhead lines and conductor rails. 200A-5000A, 3P, 4P, 50A, 80A, 100A, 120A, 140A. Catenary Systems. Operation of the overhead conductor rails at Shaw's Cove Railroad Bridge in Connecticut. Latest generation of enclosed conductor rails for swift, simple and guided, tool-free installation; High contact quality due to X arrangement of the conductors The continuous Furrer+Frey conductor-rail to achieve which can tend to have wiring conductor-rail reduces the number of electrification. Particular features of the ROCS, as fitted to Stanton tunnel, include: • Sicat SR – the overhead conductor rail for installation in tunnels and under bridges • Sicat SX – the cost-efficient electrification solution up to 250 km/h Sicat HA – for the highest loads The development of Sicat HA focused on high speeds, reliability and interoperability. 10 ROCS | RIGID OVERHEAD CONDUCTOR-RAIL SYSTEMS Making Depots Safer Furrer+Frey’s innovative moveable rigid overhead For NELe, Siemens will provide its state-of-the-art aluminium overhead conductor rail system (OCR), Sicat® SR (Siemens Catenary System Standard Rigid). Overhead conductor rail has been used for trolley pole current collection for many years in various forms and arrangements and more recently for pantograph operation Conductor Rail System. Dec 11, 2024 · Trains draw power through contact shoes that touch the overhead conductor rail. ROCS uses a rigid bar rather than tensioned overhead line, Mar 18, 2025 · The global Rigid Overhead Conductor-rail System (ROCS) Market Size was USD 393. These systems are also referred to as Overhead Conductor Rail (OCR). 2). This article will detail how to select the appropriate crane conductor rails based on actual requirements to ensure they meet the crane’s usage needs. [clarification needed] Sep 15, 2021 · The Overhead Conductor Rail (OCR) system was patented in 1972 by the French firm Delachaux [1]. Multi-pole, enclosed conductor rail with tool-free installation, designed for indoor overhead cranes and hoisting gear with straight tracks. The dynamics of structures subjected to moving loads is a classic analysis problem that has received considerable attention. In this system with high operating voltage the trains requiring high power may be supplied through conductors of relatively small cross section and the collection of the current required by a train can be done by a collector with a sliding contact. Whether you need to power for a simple top running applications, a curved monorail, or a special application, our versatile range of Conductor Bar Systems are the solution. Trains have metal contact blocks, or ‘contact shoes’, which make contact with the conductor rail. Overhead Conductor Rail. (therefore, overhead conductor rail systems are suitable for low electric voltages). Overhead systems are used for higher voltages and speeds. , Suite #005, Canonsburg, PA 15317 412-977-0174 Mailing Address: PO Box 1184, McMurray, PA 15317 Description Introduction. The conductor rail system is a very simple but capable system supporting the requirements of the train service. SAFE-LEC 2 ® V-Contact Conductor Bar System - the new standard in overhead crane electrification. Pandrol’s Rigid Catenary System is an overhead conductor rail that offers an alternative to conventional catenary. limitation of the conductor rail sagging, gradients and gradient transitions. The penalty method is widely adopted to model the dynamic interaction behaviour of the pantograph-OCR system (POCRs), while it is difficult to determine a proper contact stiffness value. In-Rail position – the conductor rail position is above the centre of the track (in Pantograph Zone), the train can move with the help of electric power via overhead conductor rail and train Pantograph. • Overhead conductor rail is in „operating position“ • Overhead conductor rail is deenergized and safely earthed State 3 • Vehicle pantograph must be lowered • Overhead conductor rail moves from „operating position“ to „park position“ State 4 • Overhead conductor rail is in „park position“ The rigid catenary is an Overhead Contact System (OCS) that can replace, with many advantages, the contact wire with sustentation wire, the third rail or the suspended bimetallic T-rail. In a movable bridge that uses a rigid overhead rail, there is a need to transition from the catenary wire system into an overhead conductor rail at the bridge portal (the last traction current pylon before the movable bridge). Whether you need power for a standard top-running hoist application, a curved monorail, or a special lifting or positioning application, our safe and versatile range of crane Nov 22, 2017 · The power circuit of any direct current-supplied rail system has six fundamental elements: the substations, which supply direct current at the line’s designated nominal voltage (normally 600V or 750V); the positive conductor (the overhead line); the positive distribution network; the load (the vehicle); the negative conductor (the rails As an engineering-driven technology company with over 135 years of experience, Rail Power Systems is a general contractor for railway infrastructure and one of the leading system providers of contact lines, traction power supply and electrotechnical equipment. The initial state of the overhead conductor rail under initial Shipping Address: JBS Cranes & Accessories Inc. Protection boards are installed on most top contact systems, which increases safety and reduces these affections. E-mail:weihua@craneweihua. 76 million in 2024 and the market is projected to touch USD 536. are installed in rail networks around the world, particularly in tunnels, with a specific retractable version for application in depots. This electrification solution encompasses all the equipment metro trains from the connection to the local electricity supplier. The tracking action of the 'V' rail and the current collector accommodates misalignment for long conductor runs and simplifies conductor system installation. Nov 1, 2022 · Simulation model for the study of overhead rail current collector systems dynamics, focused on the design of a new conductor rail Veh Syst Dyn , 44 ( 8 ) ( 2006 ) , pp. Model of the pantograph-overhead conductor rail system In this model the main parameters of the system analyzed have been taken into account, carrying Feb 4, 2022 · 650 V DC Third Rail System. Transmission of power is always along the track by means of an overhead wire or at ground level, using an extra, third rail laid close to the running rails. Nov 1, 2024 · The overhead conductor rail system (OCR) is an important structure that ensures the continuous and reliable power supply for electric trains in the tunnel and underground railways, mainly consisting of support, conductor rail, and contact wire. Conductix-Wampfler enclosed conductor rails contain several poles in one compact box-type plastic housing. Tighten it securely to ensure a safe and stable base for the crane. Jun 20, 2015 · UK: Furrer+Frey's Rigid Overhead Conductor Rail System has been installed in UK for the first time, to support the testing of Hitachi IEP trainsets through the 1·2 km Stanton tunnel which forms part of the Old Dalby test track. [1] On most systems, the conductor rail is placed on the sleeper ends outside the running rails, but in some cases a central conductor rail is used. They are used for energy and data supply on straight and curved track configurations, for indoor and outdoor applications. Overhead Contact Line. Feb 21, 2025 · Ideal for tunnels, stations and bridges. ROCS led to the development of the moveable overhead conductor-rail system (MOCS) for railway workshops and depots to ensure safe maintenance work on rail vehicles. SL 2 is ideal for monorail and material handling system electrification as well. Conductor rail can be: top contact: oldest, least safe, most affected by ice, snow, rain and leaves. 595 - 614 Crossref View in Scopus Google Scholar 2. Due to their significantly lower system height, our overhead conductor rails are popular in tunnels, maintenance halls and depots. . The trains have metal contact blocks called “shoes” which make Jun 14, 2024 · The research results show that the 750 V DC traction system uses a rigid overhead conductor rail system (ROCS) with distances between traction power stations of up to 6 km with double feeding. 1. com Apr 6, 2021 · A Rigid Overhead Conductor-rail System (ROCS) should be generally used in following cases: Normally in tunnels of length more than 750m or where the provision of ATD is difficult. Box 182, CH-3000 Berne 6 In [30], a finite element model of a rigid overhead system considering the large inertia moment of the conductor rail is proposed, and the pantograph-catenary dynamic performance is analysed with Jan 4, 2024 · With the development of Chinese railway, especially the urban metro transport and the electrified railway under the mountainous long tunnels, the dynamic performance of overhead conductor rail (OCR) system has become a popular research issue. This overhead conductor rail system provides electrification for more than 2,000km of global rail network and owes its popularity to its versatility, being suitable for tunnels. The overhead conductor rail can be connected directly to the contact wire of catenary overhead contact lines and integrated into existing overhead contact line systems. High and Medium Voltage Line: Mar 1, 2016 · Paulin [3] used commercial software to study the performance of different overhead conductor rail cross sections, and proposed a new improved cross section design. 2. MOCS is an overhead line electrification bar that can be retracted away, switched off and earthed. Apr 28, 2022 · What is Third Rail Traction System Advantages and Disadvantages - What is Third Rail Traction System?A third rail is a method of providing electric power to an electric train through a semi-continuous rigid conductor placed along-side or between the running rails of a railway track. The conductor rail used widely is a hollow structure with a \( \pi \) type profile, it grips the contact wire below. This paper aims to investigate the influence of train speed and support stiffness on the pantograph-OCR system (POCRs Aug 4, 2024 · Installing the System: With your holes drilled open, it is time for you to attach the conductor rail system. Here, the company explains its moveable overhead conductor-rail system (MOCS), which offers safety and accessibility improvements alongside the capability to provide bespoke solutions for challenging scenarios. Catenary systems are an alternative to third rail systems for electrified transit. b. 30% during the forecast period. Indian Railways Sep 24, 2023 · Contact lines for Railways. C-Track, Square Track or C-Rail cable festoon systems are versatile and used in a variety of different applications; for power delivery and cable management in industrial applications such as overhead (EOT) cranes, port container cranes, process cranes, hoist units, transport systems, water treatment systems, car wash overhead conductor rail systems include: RailTech‐KLK, Furrer+Frey®, AFL Global, Mac Products, and Siemens. Electricity is generated in substations and then transmitted along the railway network via conductor rails that run along each track in the form of an overhead line. More than 2,000km . Our Conductor Bar Systems are the practical, proven and economical way to deliver electricity to overhead cranes, hoists, monorails and other types of moving equipment. The system supports various operating voltages and is designed for speeds of up to 250 km/h in accordance with EN 50367. Refer to the Quick Bridge Catalog for details. Conductor bar systems for overhead cranes can be used on both indoor and outdoor cranes and are most typically installed on the crane’s runway systems or on monorail cranes. Refer to the Radio Remote Control Catalog for radio specifications. It meets the requirements of a modern mass transit system perfectly. HIGHLIGHTS Key benefits Feb 4, 2012 · traction system have been used in the existing railways of Mass Transit Railway Corporation Limited (MTRCL) in Hong Kong for over 20 years. The pantograph is a current collecting device installed on the train roof. Figure 1. The united type Overhead Conductor Rail (OCR) is a power supply device in tunnel railways. The feeder system consisting of the feeder conductors, jumpers, switches, ductwork, and associated hardware that feed the power to the catenary and the overhead conductor rail. 3 60 years ago Conductix-Wampfler, under the name Rucker Insul 8 ® Corporation, was the first to develop the original "8-Bar" electric conductor bar. This innovative design greatly improved the safety of overhead crane electrification. Get your screws, bolts and wrench for the job of fastening it safely to ground. Dec 13, 2021 · Overhead Conductor Rail (OCR) is a power supply device in tunnel railways. Unlike traditional busbars, the seamless busbar has no gaps between the rails, ensuring continuous power supply and higher operational reliability. But the 3rd rail has more obvious advantages than overhead conductive r Jan 4, 2024 · The purpose of this paper is to research the wave propagation process in the overhead conductor rail system. The crane conductor rails system provides a continuous and stable power supply during the crane’s movement, making it an essential part of crane operation. Rigid catenary systems can be installed in infrastructures with a low gauge, providing high levels of safety and low maintenance costs. The Sicat family, in combination with secure, corrosion-resistant, low-maintenance components, ensures maximum efficiency and reliability. They have been designed for straightforward installation and minimum maintenance requirements. The OCR system mainly consists of contact wire, conductor rail and bracket (see Fig. This system was patented in 1972 by the French firm Delachaux [1]. Figure 2 The ROCS allows contact wires to be staggered further from standing surface with the nearest live item being the conductor rail itself – no cantilever part or register arm is near the platform. The overhead conductor rail system is modeled based on absolute nodal coordinate formulation. This protects from a live conductor rail under certain circumstances. Return path for traction current is via either or both running rails . ROCS variously known as Rigid Overhead catenary System, Rigid Overhead Conductor System or Rigid Overhead Contact System is the most popular Overhead Current Collection System used in almost 100% of Metro Rail for collection of current by train pantograph in the underground tunnel section. This article develops a mathematical model based on the absolute nodal coordinate Aug 1, 2024 · Feeding systems based on rigid catenary allow coping with the shortcomings of flexible systems in these particular facilities. Thunstrasse 35, P. Recent studies have contributed to achieving a better knowledge of this power supply system for trains. So our designers created a contact line system that caters The overhead conductor rail system is a kind of overhead power-feeding lines containing a rigid conductor rail placed over the vehicle, connected to the supporting structures or to the tunnel or subway tracks ceilings using a set of clamps and supports. 125 Technology Dr. The Rigid Catenary System consists of an extruded Overhead conductor rail system (OCRS) of railway application 国家标准项目 制定 推荐性 国家标准计划《轨道交通 架空刚性接触网》由 TC278 （全国轨道交通电气设备与系统标准化技术委员会）归口 ，主管部门为 国家铁路局 。 Staff can also use approved shields designed to cover all sides of the conductor rail. Their primary purpose is to enable the reliable and efficient delivery of high-voltage electricity to moving vehicles, eliminating the need for onboard power generation and Sep 7, 2018 · The Overhead Line Equipment works for the C610 Systemwide Main Works Project concerns the design, procurement of plant, materials and equipment, installation, testing and commissioning of the elementary system installed in the Crossrail Central Operating Section which includes new twin bore single track tunnels, intermediate stations, shafts, portals and a separate open section. This system primarily operates on direct current (DC) and is often used in metro power systems. On most systems, the conductor rail is placed on the sleeper ends outside the running rails, but in some systems a central conductor rail is used. G. conventional catenary. Out-Rail position or Parking position – the conductor rail position is outside of the track closed to the supporting poles so Overhead conductor rail (OCR) is an important power supply device in tunnel railway lines. Furrer+Frey AG Overhead contact line engineering Design, manufacturing, installation Thunstrasse 35 P. Conductors: overhead line or; conductor rail, usually a third rail to one side of the running rails. The Sicat contact line system offers a choice of three fully developed systems for cost-effective, reliable electrification in tunnels: • Contact lines with elastic supports • Simple catenaries with reduced system heights • Overhead conductor rails for standard pantographs Sicat SR – for constricted space conditions Aug 22, 2022 · In order to adapt the design of the overhead conductor for higher speeds (V > 160 km/h), particular attention must be paid to the geometry of the conductor rail in critical zones as overlaps Crane-Controls. Its main structure is composed of third rail, insulating support, end elbow, expansion joint, protective cover, intermediate joint, central anchor, electric connection and grounding wire. They are primarily used for overground transit. The conductor rail system consists of an aluminum alloy extrusion supported by insulator arrangements at regular intervals. The system provides a service frequency of 36 trains per hour per direction, and has a transport capacity of up to 47,520 passengers per hour per direction. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. This power system has gained attraction in recent times. Nov 30, 2022 · A catenary system uses an overhead wire to supply electricity to vehicles such as light rail trains and streetcars. Sep 15, 2021 · The Overhead Conductor Rail (OCR) system was patented in 1972 by the French firm Delachaux [1]. supplies to trains via a third rail mounted outside the running rails. C-Track Festoon Cable Systems and Heavy-Duty Aluminum Square Track Festoon. AC systems always use overhead wires, DC can use either an overhead wire or a third rail; both are common. Rigid Catenary System product overview More than 2,000km are installed in rail networks around the world, particularly in tunnels, with a specific retractable version for application in depots. Our crane conductor bar systems are a practical, proven, and economical way to deliver power to overhead cranes, hoists, monorails, and other types of moving equipment. Lay the conductor rail system on top of your hole. Sep 13, 2017 · Advantages of Conductor Bars. This paper aims to investigate the influence of train speed and support stiffness on the pantograph-OCR system (POCRs Jan 4, 2025 · The global Rigid Overhead Conductor-rail System (ROCS) market is projected to reach a value of XXX million by 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the forecast period (2019-2025). Feb 22, 2013 · the overhead conductor rail system will<br /> fit into an existing tunnel, what contact<br /> wire height can be achieved and by<br /> Dec 13, 2021 · Overhead conductor rail (OCR) is widely used in tunnel railway lines to provide continuous energy for electric trains. Box 182 Sep 13, 2023 · The third rail electrification system, also known as the contact rail system, provides power to trains through a conductor rail placed alongside, or between, running rails. Maybe the best known advantage is the one of the reduced installation height required. Nov 27, 2019 · The overhead conductor rail in station areas is directly integrated with conventional overhead contact line systems either side of the station. Key components of overhead systems include catenary wires, contact wires, and pantograph collectors mounted on train roofs. Image 1: the Furrer+Frey-conductor rail system for 250 km/h in the single track Ceneri Base Tunnel (Photo: ©Europten) Image 2: Transition from overhead conductor bar to the SBB overhead contact line R1 at the south portal of the east tube (Photo: ©Furrer+Frey) Contact details . Trains have metal contact blocks, or 'contact shoes', which make contact with the conductor rail. installing overhead conductor rail systems. complexities with conventional OLE changeovers between catenary and conductor-rail. Overhead System: This Overhead system is adopted when the trains are to be supplied at high voltage (1,500 volts or above). The increasing demand for safe and efficient railway transportation systems is driving the growth of the market. Overhead conductor rail and the 3rd rail have been used in urban subway and urban tram rail transit for many years, and the technology is becoming more and more mature. Our CR4 rigid overhead conductor rail system is a the overhead conductor rail. Increase efficiency and reliability: Innovative solutions for rail electrification are more in demand than ever – solutions that will work seamlessly with a variety of universally usable standard components. LPI (LP Information)’ newest research report, the “Rigid Overhead Conductor-rail System (ROCS) Industry Forecast” looks at past sales and reviews total world Rigid Overhead Conductor-rail System (ROCS) sales in 2022, providing a comprehensive analysis by region and market sector of projected Rigid Overhead Conductor-rail System (ROCS) sales for 2023 through 2029. Third rail system into the future. Provide a safe alternative to third rail power with Pandrol’s Rigid Catenary, an overhead system of conductor rails suitable for a range of overground rail installations. The conductor rail system is the only power source of the tramway track system. 0 m). India has now the longest single track with a retractable overhead contact line system. 1. c. test, and place into satisfactory operation the conductor rail which is part of overhead contact system and accessories at in the underground sections as indicated in the drawings. Another type of overhead line system, the overhead rigid conductor rail system has now been increasingly used in the tunnel sections of underground metro system in Europe, Mainland China and South Korea. 8 billion electrification of the railway from London Paddington to Cardiff. zoeqqpnc zkvtgspt krcpjge voob vorrvh xta mva cfbnjf bcmf nttsho kbu jfqco iwn vmymgyk nvzr